3 Aspek Pembelajaran PAK20 & PAK21

Ada tiga aspek dalam sesebuah pembelajaran iaitu (1) arahan, (2) soalan, dan (3) pernyataan.

(1) 𝗔𝗿𝗮𝗵𝗮𝗻

Ini adalah satu-satunya aspek dalam pembelajaran yang 𝐭𝐢𝐝𝐚𝐤 𝐝𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐭 𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐛𝐮𝐭 𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐩𝐚𝐝𝐚 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐠 𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐮, tidak mengira abad ke berapa pun pendekatan pendidikan itu diguna pakai sebagai gagasan pendidikan kebangsaan. Ia menjadikan peranan guru kekal relevan hingga akhir zaman.

Guru sebenarnya bukan sekadar hadir untuk murid 'memuat turun' pengetahuan daripadanya tetapi yang lebih besar peranannya adalah menyediakan pengalaman untuk muridnya terokai.

Arahan yang baik menunjuk arah untuk murid kekal dalam konteks pembelajaran yang dihasratkan. Jika sebaliknya berlaku, murid akan hilang arah dan boleh hilang minat kerana terganggu tumpuan.

Guru boleh belajar lebih lanjut tentang keberkesanan 'memberikan arahan untuk mengisi objektif pembelajaran yang dihasratkan' dengan menghadiri kursus-kursus berkenaan perbandingan pendekatan untuk pembelajaran murid.

(2) 𝗦𝗼𝗮𝗹𝗮𝗻

Setelah menerima arahan daripada guru, murid akan meneroka dalam ruang lingkup yang dibenarkan. Sudah menjadi kesemulajadian dalam meneroka, perkara-perkara yang menghairankannya akan timbul dalam bentuk 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐚𝐥𝐚𝐧. Sebahagiannya akan diucapkan dan didengari guru dan sebahagian lagi hanya didiamkan. Ia bergantung pada kemahiran guru untuk mencungkil, menggalak, dan memupuknya.

Menetapkan soalan justeru boleh dilakukan bukan oleh guru sahaja tetapi juga oleh murid; apabila keadaan ini berlaku dan menjadi bahagian penting pembelajaran, menjadilah pembelajaran itu '𝐛𝐞𝐫𝐩𝐮𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐤𝐚𝐧 𝐦𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐝'. Inilah jantung hati pendekatan PAK21 - jika ingin ditekankan perbezaan utamanya dengan PAK20.

(3) 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝗻𝘆𝗮𝘁𝗮𝗮𝗻

Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan pernyataan adalah maklumat atau fakta, atau jawapan kepada persoalan oleh guru atau murid. Adakalanya murid diminta mencarinya tetapi sering juga guru sudah menyiapkannya.

Pernyataan atau jawapan yang hadir akan lebih dihayati murid apabila ia memenuhi persoalannya berbanding soalan yang ditanyakan guru. Jawapan yang ditemukan yang memuaskan rasa ingin tahunya akan kekal lebih lama dalam ingatan murid itu dan ia akan turun ke hati.

 

Shared by Imran Arif

Guest Blogger

How Do You Test If Someone’s Breath Is Bad?

Eat… and you can have fresh breath?

1. Researchers at the Japanese Tsurumi University, there is a less unpleasant method: 

• Chromatography - a technique for the separation mixture by passing it through a medium in which the components move at different rates. 

• Involved inserting a small amount of gas or liquid into a test sample, of which the exact concentration can be established. 

• During an experiment, in which the Japanese researchers tested the breath of a group of volunteers, they paid special attention to sulphuration: to create the smell of bad eggs. 

• The root of the stink is to be found in the deep grooves at the back of the tongue. 

• Oxygen-poor zone: sulfate –produce bacteria thrive.

• Lactobacillus bulgaricus

• Streptococcus thermopilus 

• When people talk about probiotic bacteria, they’re generally referring to two families of bacteria. Strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are both associated with probiotic formulas. 

• Many slightly fermented food products contain natural probiotics. 

• Eg: sauerkraut, kimchi, and yogurt. Pickles are also a source of natural probiotics. 

• Probiotics can be purchased as a food-grade health supplement. They come in a powder or liquid form. Probiotics usually need to be stored in the refrigerator to keep the bacteria contained in them alive and ready to reproduce.

References:

1. https://www.healthline.com/health/prebiotics-vs-probiotics#probiotics
2. 106 Strange Scientific Facts, Eat Yoghurt (and have fresh breath), pg 80

Shared by Norhidayah Alias

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Can You Lose Weight By Sleep In?

1. A few kilos too heavy? Don’t immediately start dieting - wait until you hear how sleeping a bit longer can affect your weight?

2. Researchers at the Clinical Research Centre of the University of Chicago asked 12 healthy, non-smoking young men with normal posture to spend two nights in the hospital on two separate occasions. 

3. The first time they are allowed to sleep for four hours at night (from 1 – 5 am).

4. The second time they were allowed to sleep for ten hours a night (from 10 pm – 8 am).

5. Although the men had exactly the same amount to eat, they appeared to be much more hungry in the morning after a short sleep than after a long sleep. 

6. They wanted energy-rich food like ice cream, chips, and pasta. 

7. Blood tests showed that lack of sleep had confused the production of two hormones in the men.

But do these hormones really make us fat? 

• The results of 15 years of research into sleep by the University of Wisconsin were published in 2004, showing that people who sleep less than 8 hrs a night are on average fatter. 

Conclusions

• The short sleepers had more ghrelin, a hormone which stimulates hunger. 
• The level of the hormone leptin, which sends signals that we have enough to eat, was lower after a short night.
• The more ghrelin you produce, the more you stimulate hunger while also reducing the number of calories you burn (your metabolism) and increasing the amount fat you store. In other words, you need to control leptin and ghrelin to successfully lose weight, but sleep deprivation makes that nearly impossible.

References:

1. 106 Strange Science Facts, Can you lose weight by sleep in?

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_deprivation

3. http://mominhome.com/weight-loss/

Shared by Norhidayah Alias

Guest Blogger