Emperor Qin’s Terracotta Army

Most of us have heard of the Terracotta Army and why it was created – to protect and accompany Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China, in the afterlife. The Qin ruler's tomb was constructed between 246 and 209 BC, and an estimated 8,000 life-sized sculptures were placed in rows positioned according to rank. They are just like silent sentinels guarding their long deceased Ruler. Chariots and horses were also found with the soldiers. The outstanding feature of the Army is each soldier has a unique facial expression.

Who built the Terracotta Army? What materials did they use?

First things first…what is terracotta?

Terracotta is made from clay and refers to natural clay fired at a low temperature. Iron compounds in clay give terra cotta its "rusty mud" hue. When the clay is fired, the minerals are partially melted, resulting in a hardened but still porous material.

The well-equipped Terracotta Army was discovered on 29 March 1974 by farmers digging a well approximately 1.5 kilometres east of Emperor Qin's tomb mound at Mount Li (Lishan). Excavations conducted by archaeologists later found patches of colour on some statues, hinting at once brightly coloured ‘clothes’ on the otherwise grey statues.

Who built the Terracotta Army?

Credit: Wikimedia Commons

Qin Shi Huang ordered the construction of his mausoleum when he took the throne of the Qin State in 246 BC. However, most of the decisions were made by his officials as he was only 13.

Quick Facts about the Terracotta Army's Construction

Sponsor: Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty

Designer: Li Si, the prime minister of the Qin Dynasty

Supervisor: Zhang Han, Senior General of the Qin army

Numbers of workers: More than 700,000

Duration: 

The project was still underway 36 years after it began, shortened by Qin Shi Huang's sudden death.

Cost: 

The amount is unknown. 

The making of the Terracotta Army [An illustration]

Watch:

1. Unearth the Hidden Origin of China's Terra-Cotta Warriors | National Geographic. https://youtu.be/hAD4NWeHsf0

2. Terracotta Army: The greatest archaeological find of the 20th century - BBC News. https://youtu.be/4c_ADqshdSA

3. The incredible history of China's terracotta warriors [Ted-Ed]. https://youtu.be/mP5p4QbvPtc

Shared by Azni Zainal Abidin
Guest Blogger

The Queen's Head

Is she losing her head?

 Credit: Taiwan News

Credit: Taiwan Today

The elegant Queen’s Head strikes a sad and forlorn looking structure.  Like a sentinel looking towards the distance and maybe thinking of her fate?  Exposed to the elements daily.  Abused, molested and exploited by humans.  Is there any hope for The Queen to survive this endless onslaught?

What is The Queen’s Head?

The Queen’s Head can be found at the Yehliu Geopark which is located on a cape known as the Yehliu Promontory at Taiwan’s northern coast.   A distinctive feature of the cape is the hoodoo rocks that dot its surface.  

Said to resemble Queen Elizabeth I from some angles, it is a piece of rock shaped by nature.  The age of the rock is assessed to be about 4,000 years, but got its shape after the top part of the mushroom rock fell at about 1962 - 1963.

What are hoodoo rocks?

Hoodoo by definition is “A column or pinnacle of weathered rock” (Oxford Living Dictionaries). Also called fairy chimneys, earth pyramids, and tent rocks; it is irregular in shape and sometimes takes the form of faces, animals or familiar objects. 

It occurs where several layers of soft rock, e.g. sandstone which is a type of sedimentary rock, are capped with a thin layer of harder rock. Over time, openings in the protective outer rock allow the softer rock beneath to wear away through a process called weathering.  The agents of weathering are wind, sun, and rain.  Some of the thin caps of harder rock remain

and protect the soft rock that sits directly beneath it. Over time, most of the rock disappears, leaving behind the occasional rocky tower, often with a larger cap on the top. 

Hoodoo rocks are found all over the world, especially in high, dry, and rocky regions.  Some places where hoodoo rocks can be found: Goreme Valley and Cappadocia, Turkey, Putangirua Pinnacles in Wairarapa, New Zealand and Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah.  

The rocks at Yehliu are different from most as they are some of the only hoodoos known to form in a seaside environment.   At Yehliu, besides having to content with the agents of weathering, it is also at risk from typhoons and earthquakes. 

Credit: Wikimedia Commons

Credit: Yehliu Geopark

Future of The Queen’s Head

In 2016, park authorities announced their concern that the neck of the rock, which has lost 12cm of circumference in the past eight years, could give way soon.  Observe the image above – there’s a noticeable change in its neck width from 1969 to 2010.

What are authorities doing to save it?  As tourists don’t seem to take heed of warnings by park staff to not touch or climb on the Queen’s Head, a replica has been built. In addition to that, the authorities have tested out a special nanotechnology paint designed to slow down erosion.  

Replicas of other rock formations facing the similar fate as the Queen’s Head have also been constructed.  Managing humans to control further destruction is still possible, but managing nature are challenging!

Tourist dollars are very much needed to maintain the geopark, but at what cost?  There needs to be a balance as well as a change in the attitude of tourists.  We hope the Queen’s Head will be there to greet visitors in many years to come and that efforts to save it will be successful.  It will be a great loss when that unfortunate day comes when The Queen loses it head!

References

1. Taiwan’s Yehliu Geopark Is Like Disneyland for Rock Lovers

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/taiwans-yehliu-geopark-is-like-disneyland-for-rock-lovers-180960060/

2. Taiwan's celebrated Queen's Head rock formation at risk

http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-36836261

3. Yehliu Geopark

http://www.ylgeopark.org.tw/ENG/landscape/Sight_en.aspx

4. Taiwan's ancient Queen's head at risk of being beheaded

https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3213235

5. Hoodoo

http://worldlandforms.com/landforms/hoodoo/

6. Scientists Say: Hoodoo

https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/blog/scientists-say/scientists-say-hoodoo

7. Amazing Places to See Hoodoos (PHOTOS)

https://weather.com/travel/news/places-see-hoodoos

Shared by Azni Zainal Abidin
Guest Blogger